Reflection Paper on Hiv/Aisd - 1306 Words

Introduction to HIV/AIDS The first cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in the United States in the spring of 1981. By 1983 the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes AIDS, had been isolated. Early in the U.S. HIV/AIDS pandemic, the role of substance abuse in the spread of AIDS was clearly established. Injection drug use (IDU) was identified as a direct route of HIV infection and transmission among injection drug users. The largest group of early AIDS cases comprised gay and bisexual men (referred to as men who have sex with men(or MSMs). Early cases of HIV infection that were sexually transmitted often were related to the use of alcohol and other substances, and the majority of these cases†¦show more content†¦However, people can take antiretroviral treatment, which suppresses the HIV virus. This can prevent them from reaching a point where they are diagnosed with AIDS. Also, in some cases, it is possible for a person who has an AIDS diagnosis to regai n a strong immune system with antiretroviral therapy. However, once somebody is diagnosed with AIDS, officially they keep this diagnosis for life even though in reality an opportunistic infection may be cured or the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in their blood may increase to recommended levels.1 Although there is no cure for AIDS, HIV infection can be prevented, and those living with HIV can take antiretroviral drugs to prevent or delay the onset of AIDS. However, in many countries across the world access to prevention and treatment services is limited. Global leaders have pledged to work towards universal access to HIV prevention and care, so that millions of deaths can be averted. Antiretroviral treatment can significantly prolong the lives of people living with HIV. Modern combination therapy is highly effective and someone with HIV who is taking treatment could live for the rest of their life without developing AIDS. An AIDS diagnosis does not necessarily equate to a death sentence. Many people can still benefit from starting antiretroviral therapy even once they have developed an AIDS defining illness. Better treatment and prevention

The Exploitation of Minerals Article Example

Essays on The Exploitation of Minerals Article The paper "The Exploitation of Minerals " is a perfect example of an essay on environmental studies. The case study focuses on the current altercation between the government, non- government organizations as well as individuals in Australia. The three groups have varying views regarding what should be done to the gas found in West Australia. The area is under cultural threat because everyone claims ownership of its scarce resources. Kimberley area occupies a very large area and is renowned for its natural beauty of coastal environments, coral reefs, and mangroves among other features. Apart from being a natural beauty spot, it is habitat to a variety of wild endangered species like turtles, golden bandicoots, and scaly- tailed possum. However, the Kimberley region is not fully explored because it is very remote.Kimberley area also boasts of rich cultural heritage. Approximately thirty tribes have based their existence on the area, and each community uses its own language and unique c ultural practices. Such cultural practices are passed from one generation to another hence ensuring that there is continuity of culture. Kimberley has recently attracted explorers who hope to tap and gain from the vast mineral resources in the area. There have been prospects about the existence of bauxite and aluminum in the area. The exploitation of minerals in the area has the disadvantage of destroying the beauty of the area. This would also distort Kimberley’s economy because the area depends on the beauty of the ecosystem. However, some people argue that if minerals were explored, there would be the creation of numerous employment opportunities. Some communities are, however, in strong opposition, and have vowed to do everything in their power to ensure Kimberley is intact. However, the issuance of a license to drill plants will limit efforts to save the region.

Fortress of North Carolina’s History Free Essays

Stretching almost 500 miles through North Carolina and Virginia, the Blue Ridge Mountains stand like a fortress that conceal some of the oldest settlements of both pre-historic and early European settlement. Much of the 200-year-plus history of Appalachian culture still persists by simply discovering what remnants are left. In 1539, the first European expedition to venture into the Blue Ridge region was led by Span’s Hernando de Soto, as his troops landed near Tampa Bay, Florida, with over six hundred soldiers and some additional men (mostly servants and slaves). We will write a custom essay sample on Fortress of North Carolina’s History or any similar topic only for you Order Now Soto’s expedition headed toward the Appalachian interior with two goals — to find adventure and to discover gold and other precious metals rumored to be in the region. Numerous Native American tribes (most of them Mississippian cultures) resisted the Spaniards’ advance (Olson 1988, p. 3). In May of 1540, Soto’s expedition crossed the Blue Ridge, probably guided by Native American scouts who knew of a well-established trail over the mountains. The expedition passed through the domain of the region’s predominate tribe, the Cherokee, quickly and without difficulty. The reason behind must be that the tribe had already been decimated by smallpox or other European disease that spread to the Cherokee from coastal tribes, which likely had contracted that disease from earlier European explorers. The Peachtree site within the Cherokee county fits the description of the town of Guasili visited by Soto. The Peachtree site is geographically and topographically more accurately situated for the location of Guasili than either the Nacoochee or Etowah mounds, both of which had previously been considered as the site of Guasili. At present, this site in the midst of the Blue Ridge Mountains, where the feasibility of trails is limited, coincides more nearly with the expected situation as described by the chronicles than any other location. However, the significant point in this report is not whether this is the site of the ancient town of Guasili as shows at least one trail of importance which passes the site, while several others are connected to it (Setzler, Jennings Stewart 1941, p. 9). However, it was England and France that garnered the political control of eastern North America, as many English settlers avoided exposure to the fighting by moving from the North Carolina and Virginia piedmont onto Cherokee lands in the Carolinas. In reaction, the Cherokee staged a series of attacks on English settlements and fortifications, a situation which came to be known as the Cherokee War. The Cherokee won several of these contests, including one major victory, the capture of Fort Loudoun on the Little Tennessee River in 1760. In retaliation English soldiers under Major Hugh Waddell in 1761 stormed Cherokee towns along the Little Tennessee River; suffering many casualties, the Cherokee pled for peace (Ehle 1988, p. 51). The English, recognizing that they could not fight the Cherokee and the French at the same time, forged a new alliance with the Cherokee. By 1763, this alliance had defeated the French and their Native American allies. English monarch King George III rewarded the Cherokee for their loyalty by issuing the Proclamation of 1763, which established a boundary line intended to prevent colonists from venturing onto Cherokee land. As the nineteenth century dawned in the Blue Ridge region with several states was mired in political squabbling over territorial boundaries. By 1800, the border between North Carolina and Virginia had already been surveyed, but North Carolina’s border with the new state of Tennessee. As a cause of the frequent revision of county lines in the North Carolina Blue Ridge, it prompted the slowing the development of stable and productive county governments. The limited state funds allocated to mountain counties were often rendered ineffective by a lack of competent administration within the counties. For decades after the Revolutionary War, counties in the Blue Ridge region not only were generally underrepresented in state politics, but also received little benefit from the federal government. Much of the western North Carolina landscape had been destroyed by the Revolutionary War, yet the state government of North Carolina put little effort toward boosting the region’s economy. This was in part because the state’s economy was sluggish, the result of many factors: a lack of harbors, the absence of an effective road system by which to conduct trade within the state, high transportation tariffs, and an over-dependence on agriculture (McPherson 1988, p. 65-71). In the North Carolina General Assembly in 1823, the state allocated funds for a trans-mountain road, the Buncombe Turnpike. Completed in 1827, this road linked South Carolina with Tennessee, allowing safe wagon transport from Greenville, South Carolina, over the North Carolina Blue Ridge, then through the valley of the French Broad River to Greeneville, Tennessee. A toll road, the Buncombe Turnpike profoundly affected the Blue Ridge communities through which it passed, providing economic relief to an impoverished region. Inns, supply outlets, and wagon-repair shops sprang up in a number of places along the turnpike. Owing to its strategic location along the turnpike, Asheville, North Carolina, grew quickly as a supply center for travelers. An important tourist attraction also emerged along the turnpike: Warm Springs, later called Hot Springs. The Buncombe Turnpike not only benefited the communities through which it was routed, but also served the nation by providing eastern markets with a steady supply of agricultural products, poultry, and livestock raised to the west of the Blue Ridge (Dunaway 1996, p. 113-115). During the Civil War, no major battles took place in the North Carolina Blue Ridge because political loyalties within the region were sharply divided, countless skirmishes occurred there. These conflicts were particularly frequent after July 1863, when the Confederate congress elected to position militia throughout the South in an attempt to capture draft evaders, return deserters to their commands, and control marauders who were opportunistically exploiting undermanned southern farms and villages. Confederate soldiers were soon present in the Blue Ridge, causing conflict wherever they encountered Union sympathizers. Thus, when the Civil War ended in 1865, marked the slowdown of political and social turmoil in the Blue Ridge region. The war had a profound impact on the region, as many people became disgusted at their ruined environment and disillusioned with their government. This is even worsened by the fact that political representation of the Blue Ridge people during Reconstruction was marked by corruption. Only after Reconstruction ended in the mid-1870s did state governments reorganize and actively participate in the economic development of the Blue Ridge. Finally, this improved the conditions in the region, which harnessed the forces of industrialization to come in. References Dunaway, Wilma A. (1996). The First American Frontier: Transition to Capitalism in Southern Appalachia, 1700-1860, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Ehle, John (1988) Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation, New York: Anchor Press. McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era, New York: Ballantine Books. Olson, T. (1998). Blue Ridge Folklife. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. Setzler, F. M. , Jennings, J. D. , Stewart, T. D. (1941). Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina. Washington, DC How to cite Fortress of North Carolina’s History, Papers

British Irish Relations over the past 300 years Essay Example For Students

British Irish Relations over the past 300 years Essay British- Irish relations over the past three hundred years have been troubled. There have been many tensions caused by religion in Northern Ireland and Britains unfair rule of Northern Ireland. The British are guilty of many of the indignities suffered by the Irish people. They are also guilty of causing all of the religious and territorial conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. The division between Northern and Southern Ireland dates back to the 16th century. A succession of English monarchs had used the planting of Protestant English and Scottish people on lands seized from Irish Catholics as a way of increasing loyalty to the British Crown. This is an example of how the British treated the people of Ireland unfairly. In 1912 British parliament gave home rule to Ireland. Home rule is when a country who is ruled by another country is giving the ability to govern its self. However some people in Irelands Northern counties did not want home rule. They wanted to remain governed by Britain. So the people in the Northern Counties (Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Londonderry and Tyrone) remained under British rule while the Southern Counties formed the Republic of Ireland. Shortly after the formation of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland hostilities pushed these two countries to the brink of civil war. This was prevented by the start of World War I. We will write a custom essay on British Irish Relations over the past 300 years specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now English persecution of the Irish people is one cause of the tensions in Northern Ireland. Before 1793 Irish Catholics were persecuted by British law. Catholics were not allowed to buy and sell land, get proper education, marry Protestants or vote. This fueled problems in Ireland. After 1793 Britain was afraid, after loosing America, that a revolution would happen in Ireland. So the restrictions on the Irish Catholics were done away with. This however angered the protestants who formed the Orange Order, who was against the Catholics. This all came to a head when in 1798 when a small rebellion broke out. It began with a blight of the potato crop that left acre upon acre of Irish farmland covered with black rot.(The Irish Famine, 1) This of course is in reference to the Irish Famine. The Irish Famine was another cause of the tensions in Ireland. As crops across Ireland failed, the price of food soared. This made it impossible for Irish farmers to sell there goods, the good which the far mers relied upon to pay their rent to their English and Protestant landlords. These people were thrown into the streets with no money and nothing to eat. This forced the people to eat the rotten food, which in turn caused the people to be consumed with cholera and typhus. With nowhere to go the starving people decided to emigrate to America and other English speaking countries. This was the peoples salvation. Even emigration was no panacea ship owners often crowed hundreds of desperate Irish onto rickety vessels labeled coffin ships. ( The Irish Famine, 2) Many people, on their voyage to America succumb to disease, starvation and many other causes. As much as one third of the passengers on the coffin ships died before reaching America. The Irish Famine which lasted from 1846-50 took as many as one million lives from hunger and disease. Overall the combined forces of famine, disease and emigration caused Irelands population to drop from eight million before the famine to five million 1 year after it ended. This all could have been avoided if Britains response to the famine had not been delayed. Many people criticized Britains response, and further blamed centuries of British political oppression on the underlying causes of the the Irish Famine.(The Irish Famine, 2)During World War I, people who wanted Ireland to become a republic continued their fight. These people belonged to various pol itical organizations, including the political party Sinn Fein, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Citizen army. On Easter Monday in 1916, 1,600 protesters rebelled against the British. They took control of several public buildings in Dublin and declared Ireland a republic. The fighting lasted for four days before they were forced to surrender to the Royal Irish Constabulary and the Black and Tan Soldiers . .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 , .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .postImageUrl , .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 , .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5:hover , .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5:visited , .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5:active { border:0!important; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5:active , .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5 .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e681e8ffcfc4e9136823e714a0faad5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Laser EssayIn 1905 Sinn Fein, the Irish nationalist party was formed by Arthur Griffith. It was and advocate of a politically and economic Ireland. And then in 1918 Sinn Fein Candidates were elected to every Irish political position outside of the Ulster providence. However instead of serving in the British parliament they set up their own parliament called the Dail Eireann, in Dublin. The Dail Eireann had its own courts, tax system and postal service. In 1919 the Dail Eireann declared Ireland a republic. This lead to three years of war between the militant wing of Sinn Fein and British soldiers known as black and tans. In July 1921 Michael Collins, who was the leader of Sinn Feins armies negotiated a treaty with the British government. This lead to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which left most of Ireland independent, but Northern Ireland under British rule. This lead to another outbreak of civil war. This time the war was between those who supported the Anglo-Irish Treaty (people who favored the separation of Ireland) and the Republicans, who wanted a united Ireland. The civil war lasted until 1923, when the republicans were convinced by their new leader to accept the division of Ireland for the time being. The new leader of the Republicans was Eamon De Valera. Valera was a native born American. He took part in the Easter uprising of 1916 but escaped execution because of his American birth. He was elected president of Sinn Fein and he opposed the partition of Ireland. In 1926 Eamon De Valera formed a new political party called Fianna Fail. The members of this party opposed the partition of Ireland under the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In 1932 Eamon De Valera was elected to be the Prime Minister of Ireland . And in 1959 he became Irelands first president. After Fianna Fail came to power in 1932 the party began to abolish the oath of allegiance to the British crown and some of the restrictive clauses imposed by the Anglo-Irish Treaty. An economic war followed in 1933.(Essays in History 7) In 1933 the British Government imposed a tax of 40% on Irish exports to Britain in retaliationOn January 30, 1972 a large demonstration in Derry took place against internment. The march, which was called to protest internment, was illegal according to British government authorities. (Bloody Sunday, 3) The British Armys 1st Parachute Regiment opened fire on unarmed and peaceful civilian demonstrators killing 13 and wounding a number of others. Bloody Sunday is just another example of the cruel and unfair treatment of the Irish people. British- Irish relations over the past three hundred years have been troubled. There have been many tensions caused by religion in Northern Ireland and Britains unfair rule of Northern Ireland. The British are guilty of many of the indignities suffered by the Irish people. They are also guilty of causing all of the religious and territorial conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland. The mistreatment of the people dates back to the 16th century. However the mistreatment still continues in Northern Ireland today. Today in Ireland there is peace. Although there have been a few incidents the peace seems to be lasting. However British troops still occupy Belfast.